我聽到後失聲而笑,回答說貴國政府內部別的不多,但到處都是律師,怎麼可能會連這個都不知道?但是既然有人上門來問,我還是提醒對方,北京外交部發言人確實是沒有亂用名辭,汪文斌所說的確實白紙黑字寫在《聯合國海洋法公約》第56條第一款:
第五十六條(沿海國在專屬經濟區內的權利、管轄權和義務)
一、沿海國在專屬經濟區內有:
(a)以勘探和開發、養護和管理海床上覆水域和海床及其底土的自然資料(不論為生物或非生物資源)為目的的主權權利,以及關於在該區內從事經濟性開發和勘探,如利用海水、海流和風力生產能等其他活動的【主權權利】;
(b)本公約有關條款規定的對下列事項的【管轄權】:
(1)人工島嶼、設施和結構的建造和使用;
(2)海洋科學研究;
(3)海洋環境的保護和保全;
(c)本公約規定的其他權利和義務。
前述法條英文譯本如下:
Article56 Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone
1. In the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State has:
(a) 【sovereign rights】for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds;
(b) 【jurisdiction】 as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with regard to:
(i) the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures;
(ii) marine scientific research;
(iii) the protection and preservation of the marine environment;
(c) other rights and duties provided for in this Convention.
當時我還認為這些法條用辭應該是基本常識,怎麼可能還要花時間來找尋這些字辭呢?但是當我回頭看到澎博社報導包括下列文字時,假若不是媒體編造這個情節,吾人就會發現華盛頓顯然是自知大勢不妙,否則不會產生像下面這樣狀況:
President Joe Biden has been briefed on the matter and his national security team is examining the Chinese claim to understand exactly what it entails, the people said. The team is looking at the language China has used to describe the strait in previous decades and is working with US allies to assess their interpretations of the language.
international waters之定義可見於2022年3月所最新刊行,美國海軍編號NWP 1-14M、美國海軍陸戰隊編號MCTP 11-10B,以及美國海岸防衛隊編號COMDTPUB P5800-7A,名稱為「指揮官海戰法手冊」(The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations)之跨軍種通用準則第1-8頁第1-6節;該項準則可於下列網頁查獲全文:
https://usnwc.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=66281931
其全文定義如下:
1.6 INTERNATIONAL WATERS
For operational purposes, international waters include all ocean areas not subject to the sovereignty of a coastal State. All waters seaward of the territorial sea are international waters in which the high seas freedoms of navigation and overflight are preserved to the international community. International waters include contiguous zones, EEZs, and high seas.
至於昨天又有人扯出international Strait,這實在是很對不起,這又是美軍閉門造法的產物,因為查遍《聯合國海洋法公約》就是沒有這個名辭,但是在前述美軍準則第2-8頁第2.5.3節,美軍將《聯合國海洋法公約》第三部分用於國際航行的海峽(PART III. STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION)偷天換日地創出這個international strait名辭,然後在該節五種海峽分類第三類中,臺灣海峽斬釘截鐵地就在那個分類之中,其原文如下:
2.5.3.1 Types of International Straits
⋯⋯⋯(原文略過)⋯⋯⋯
3. Straits not completely overlapped by territorial seas (e.g., a high seas corridor exists, such as Japan’s approach in the Soya, Tsugara, Tshushima East Channel, Tshushima West Channel, Osumi Straits, and the Taiwan Strait). High seas freedoms apply in the corridor.
其實《澎博社》報導內容還有個讓我們在臺灣要感到羞恥之處,其中有段錄音下面寫到:
Samson Ellis, Bloomberg Taipei Bureau Chief, discusses the U.S rejecting China’s claims over the Taiwan Strait. He spoke with host Doug Krizner on Bloomberg Radio.
臺北這麼多國際關係與國際法專家,居然都未被《澎博社》看得上眼來談這問題,想來也真是讓人難過。究竟是《澎博社》駐臺北記者有眼不識咱們學界泰斗呢?還是因為缺乏國格,所以人家眼中沒有咱們存在呢?
Leave a Reply